Álcool a 70%

As an antiseptic, 70 percent of alcohol is prefered to a stonger solution. Pure alcohol coagulates protein in contact. Suppose the pure alcohol is poured ovr a single celled organism. Th alcohol will penetrate the cell wall of the organism in all direction, coagulating the protein just inside the cell wall. the ring of the coagulated protein would then prevent the alcohol from penetrating farther from the cell, and no more coagulation woul take place. At this time the cell would become dormant butnot dead. under the proper condition the cell would then begin to function. if 70 percent of alcohol is poured to a single celled organism, the diluted alcohol also coagulates the protein, but at a slower rate, so that it penetrates all the way through the cell before coagulation can block it. then all the cell is coagulated and the organism dies. Portanto, álcool a 96% coagula as proteínas no contacto tornando a parede da bactéria rapidamente impermeável ao mesmo. A 70% o álcool coagula as proteínas na mesma mas mais lentamente, permitindo que mais álcool entre através da parede celular.

Phenyl group, Phenol & Benzene

In organic chemistry, the phenyl group or phenyl ring is a cyclic group of atoms with the formula C6H5. Phenyl groups are closely related to benzene. Phenyl groups have six carbon atoms bonded together in a hexagonal planar ring, five of which are bonded to individual hydrogen atoms, with the remaining carbon bonded to a substituent. Phenyl groups are commonplace in organic chemistry. Although often depicted with alternating double and single bonds, phenyl groups are chemically aromatic and show nearly equal bond lengths between carbon atoms in the ring. Phenol — also known as carbolic acid — is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. The molecule consists of a phenyl group (-C6H5) bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH). It is mildly acidic, but requires careful handling due to its propensity to cause burns. Phenol was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 billion kg/year) from petroleum. It is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds.[4] Its major uses involve its conversion to plastics or related materials. Phenol and its chemical derivatives are key for building polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs. Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. Its molecule is composed of 6 carbon atoms joined in a ring, with 1 hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom. Because its molecules contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon. Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil, and is one of the most elementary petrochemicals. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell.

Nitrophenol - Substrato cromogénico

Nitrophenols are a family of nitrated phenols with the formula HOC6H4NO2. Three isomeric nitrophenols exist: o-Nitrophenol (1-hydroxy-2-nitrobenzene; OH and NO2 groups are neighboring; CAS number: 88-75-5), a yellow crystalline solid (m.p. 46 °C). m-Nitrophenol (1-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzene, CAS number: 554-84-7), a yellow solid (m.p. 97 °C) and precursor to the drug mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid). p-Nitrophenol (1-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzene, CAS number: 100-02-7), yellow crystals (m.p. 114 °C). It is a precursor to the rice herbicide fluorodifen and the pesticide parathion. Nitrophenols are poisonous. Occasionally, nitrophenols contaminate the soil near former explosives or fabric factories and military plants, and current research is aimed at remediation. para-Nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) is a chromogenic substrate for acid and alkaline phosphatase in ELISA assays. Under their influence the decay to yellow para-nitrophenol is catalysed. This product can be measured with a 405 nm spectrophotometer. ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG) is a colorimetric and spectrophotometric substrate for detection of beta-galactosidase activity. This compound is normally colorless. However if β-galactosidase is present, it hydrolyzes the ONPG molecule into galactose and ortho-nitrophenol. The latter compound has a yellow color that can be used to check for enzyme activity by means of a colorimetric assay (at 420 nm wavelength). β-galactosidase is required for lactose utilization, so the intensity of the color produced can be used as a measure of the enzymatic rate.

Hydroxyl, Hidroxide & Hydrolisis

A hydroxyl is a chemical functional group containing an oxygen atom connected by a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom, a pairing that can be simply understood as a substructure of the water molecule. When it appears, it imparts to chemical structures some of the reactive and interactive properties of the -OH (not to be confused with the hydroxide ion OH-) of water (ionizability, hydrogen bonding, etc.). The neutral form of the hydroxyl group is a hydroxyl radical. The anion form, (OH−) is called the hydroxide anion; it bears a single negative charge largely residing on the more electronegative oxygen. Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−. It consists of an oxygen and a hydrogen atom held together by a covalent bond, and carries a negative electric charge. It is an important but usually minor constituent of water. It functions as a base, a ligand, a nucleophile and a catalyst. The hydroxide ion forms salts, some of which dissociate in aqueous solution, liberating solvated hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is a multi-million-ton per annum commodity chemical. A hydroxide attached to a strongly electropositive center may itself dissociate,[citation needed] liberating a hydrogen cation (H+), making the parent compound an acid. The corresponding electrically neutral compound •HO is the hydroxyl radical. The corresponding covalently-bound group -OH of atoms is the hydroxyl group. Hydroxide ion and hydroxyl group are nucleophiles and can act as a catalyst in organic chemistry. Many inorganic substances which bear the word "hydroxide" in their names are not ionic compounds of the hydroxide ion, but covalent compounds which contain hydroxyl groups. Hydrolysis (/haɪˈdrɒlɨsɪs/; from Greek hydro-, meaning "water", and lysis, meaning "separation") usually means the cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water. Where a carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by hydrolysis, this is termed saccharification. Generally, hydrolysis or saccharification is a step in the degradation of a substance.

Receptor muscarínico

http://www.zuniv.net/physiology/book/images/fp6-3.jpg

Imunoglobulina A - IgA

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity. More IgA is produced in mucosal linings than all other types of antibody combined; between three and five grams are secreted into the intestinal lumen each day. This accumulates up to 15% of the total immunoglobulin produced in the entire body. IgA has two subclasses (IgA1 and IgA2) and can exist in a dimeric form called secretory IgA (sIgA). In its secretory form, IgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions, including tears, saliva, colostrum and secretions from the genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, prostate and respiratory epithelium. It is also found in small amounts in blood. The secretory component of sIgA protects the immunoglobulin from being degraded by proteolytic enzymes, thus sIgA can survive in the harsh gastrointestinal tract environment and provide protection against microbes that multiply in body secretions. sIgA can also inhibit inflammatory effects of other immunoglobulins. IgA is a poor activator of the complement system, and opsonises only weakly. Its heavy chains are of the type α. Pathology[edit source | editbeta]Decreased or absent IgA, termed selective IgA deficiency, can be a clinically significant immunodeficiency. Neisseria gonorrhœae (which causes gonorrhea), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae type B all release a protease which destroys IgA. IgA nephropathy is caused by IgA deposits in the kidneys. It is not yet known why IgA deposits occur in this chronic disease. Some theories suggest an abnormality of the immune system results in these deposits. Celiac disease involves IgA pathology due to the presence of IgA antiendomysial antibodies. Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a systemic disorder caused by deposits of IgA and compliment component 3 (C3) in the small vessels. HSP occurs usually in small children and involves the skin and connective tissues, scrotum, joints, gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. It usually follows an upper respiratory infection and resolves within a couple weeks as the liver clears out the IgA aggregates.

Pleocitose

Pleocytosis is an increased cell count {Gk. pleion more}, particularly an increase in white blood cell (WBC) count, in a bodily fluid, such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is often defined specifically as an increased WBC count in CSF.

Amphophilic

Staining with both acid and basic dyes : neutrophil.

The choroid plexus

The choroid plexus (from Greek khorion "membrane enclosing the fetus, afterbirth"; plexus: Mod.L., lit. "braid, network") is a structure in the ventricles of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced. The choroid plexus consists of modified ependymal cells. CSF is recycled (flushed) 4 times per day in order to clean out metabolites and toxins like beta amyloid. Hence the choroid plexus must produce about 500 milliliters of CSF daily (or 20.83 ml per hour).

Picnose

picnose nome feminino HISTOLOGIA condensação patológica da cromatina nuclear em blocos picnose In Infopédia [Em linha]. Porto: Porto Editora, 2003-2013. [Consult. 2013-09-18]. Disponível na www: .

Döhle bodies

Döhle bodies are light blue-gray, oval, basophilic, leukocyte inclusions located in the peripheral cytoplasm of neutrophils. They measure 1-3 µm in diameter. Not much is known about their formation, but are thought to be remnants of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
They often present in conjunction with toxic granulation.
They are named after German pathologist, Karl Gottfried Paul Döhle (1855-1928).

The presence of Döhle bodies in mature and immature neutrophils on a blood smear can be normal if they are present only in small numbers.

Döhle bodies are intra-cytoplasmic structures composed of agglutinated ribosomes; they will increase in number with inflammation and increased granulocytopoiesis. If there are many neutrophils in the bloodstream containing Döhle bodies, these can be referred to as toxic neutrophils. Toxic neutrophils can also correspond to neutrophils that possess a more basophilic cytoplasm, basophilic granulation (infrequently observed), or cytoplasmic vacuoles in addition to one of the preceding cytoplasmic changes. Döhle bodies, cytoplasmic basophilia and cytoplasmic granulation all reflect "defects" in cell production and maturation during active granulocytopoiesis. Just like a left shift, the presence of toxic neutrophils suggests increased granulocytopoiesis. However, in a freshly prepared blood smear, the presence of vacuolation in addition to toxic neutrophils, reflects endotoxemia resulting in autolysis of neutrophils. This autodigestion is responsible for the cytoplasmic vacuolation. It is the single toxic change that does not result from the "manufacturing" process.

Associated conditions. They are seen in:

• Burns
• Infections
• Physical trauma
• Neoplastic diseases
• Wissler’s disease
• May-Hegglin anomaly
• Chédiak-Steinbrinck-Higashi’s syndrome

Mucina

Mucins are a family of high molecular weight, heavily glycosylated proteins (glycoconjugates) produced by epithelial tissues in most metazoans.

Mucins' key characteristic is their ability to form gels; therefore they are a key component in most gel-like secretions, serving functions from lubrication to cell signalling to forming chemical barriers.

They often take an inhibitory role.

Hemocitómetro

http://hemocytometer.wordpress.com/2013/04/11/hemocytometer-square-size/

Solução de Turk

Used in hematology, Turk's solution is a composed of a stain (Gentian violet) and 6% acetic acid.

The solution destroys red blood cells within a blood sample, and stains the nuclei of the white blood cells, making them easier to see and count.

Crystal violet or Gentian violet

Crystal violet or Gentian violet (also known as Methyl Violet 10B, hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride, or pyoctanin(e)) is a triarylmethane dye. The dye is used as a histological stain and in Gram’s method of classifying bacteria.

Crystal violet has antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties and was formerly important as a topical antiseptic. The medical use of the dye has been largely superseded by more modern drugs, although it is still listed by the World Health Organization.

The name "gentian violet" was originally used for a mixture of methyl pararosaniline dyes (methyl violet) but is now often considered a synonym for crystal violet. The name refers to its colour, being like that of the petals of a gentian flower; it is not made from gentians or from violets.

Composto heterocíclico

A heterocyclic compound is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s). The counterparts of heterocyclic compounds are homocyclic compounds, the rings of which are made of a single element.

Although heterocyclic compounds may be inorganic, most contain at least one carbon. Since in organic chemistry non-carbons usually are considered to replace carbon atoms, they are called heteroatoms, meaning 'different from carbon and hydrogen' (rings of heteroatoms of the same element are homocyclic).

Deprotonation

Deprotonation is the removal of a proton (H+) from a molecule, forming the conjugate base.

The relative ability of a molecule to give up a proton is measured by its pKa value.
A low pKa value indicates that the compound is acidic and will easily give up its proton to a base.
The pKa of a compound is determined by many things, but the most significant is the stability of the conjugate base, which is determined mainly by the ability (or inability) of the conjugated base to stabilize the negative charge.

Refringência ou Refração

(physics) The turning or bending of any wave, such as a light or sound wave, when it passes from one medium into another of different optical density.

Birefringência (physics) the splitting of a ray of light into two parallel rays of perpendicular polarization by passage through an optically anisotropic medium.

Romanowsky type stains

Any stain containing methylene blue and/or its products of oxidation (azure B), and a halogenated fluorescein dye, usually eosin B or Y.

Precisão e Exactidão ?

Precisão ?: Resultados dentro dos valores do controlo interno. Podem não estar exactos (correctos) mas saem sempre dentro dos valores estabelecidos como normais/anormais num dado equipamento.

Exactidão ?: Resultados dentro dos valores do controlo externo. Em comparação com outros equipamentos os resultados são fiáveis para extrapolar para os doentes.